By

  Cell

Cell is basic structural and functional unit of life.
  • Because each organism is made up of cell or cells. So that’s why the structure of the organism is due to the presence of cell or cells. The function performed by the organism is due to the function occurs in the cell.
The cells are of two types 
1. Prokaryotic
Pro means 'first' or 'before' and karyotic means ‘Nucleus’. So this refers as the 'The Cell with First nucleus' OR 'The Cell Come before the first Nucleus'.


  • ·         Well defined nucleus is absent, so the genetic material is called as ‘NUCLEOID’.
  • ·         Cytoplasm is present and consists of Biomolecules, water, salts, Ions Etc. This performs the chemical reactions to support life.
  • ·         Cell membrane is also present which covers the cell and provides different environment than the surrounding.

2. Eukaryotic
Eu means ‘True’ or ‘Present’ and karyotic means ‘Nucleus’. So it refers to the ‘ The cell with true or well defined nucleus’ OR ‘ The cell with present time nucleus’.

  • ·         It has well defined nucleus along with ‘Nuclear Envelope’.
  • ·         Cytoplasm is also present and composition is different from the prokaryotic cytoplasm.
  • ·         Cell Membrane is also present but the composition and structure varies.

Both the type of cells consists of three basic parts
I.                    Plasma membrane
II.                  Cytoplasm
III.                Nucleus

Cytoplasm
It is the substance that fills the cell space. It is made up of water, salts, ions, BIOMOLECULES, Etc. It is semi solid or gell like.
  •  Biomolecules
The molecules find inside the cell or living organism are called Biomolecules. They are further of following types.

Plasma membrane
It is made up of Lipids, Some Proteins, Few Carbohydrates. It is elastic , fluidy and viscous in nature and covers the Protoplasm(Cytoplasm and Nucleus).

Nucleus
It is present in the centre of cell and also has a covering (nuclear membrane). Inside of it is present the NUCLEOPLASM (as like cytoplasm) and the most important part is the CHROMATIN which is made up of ‘NUCLEIC ACID’ and ‘HISTONE PROTEINS’. The Nucleic Acid is of two types ‘DNA’ (Deoxy-ribose Nucleic acid) and ‘RNA’ (Ribose Nucleic acid). The DNA is made up of ‘NUCLEOTIDE’ which acts as building block of DNA. Nucleotide is made up of Pentose SUGAR + PHOSPHOROUS + NITROGENOUS BASE.
.    


During the time of division of cell the chromatin condense to form the CHROMOSOME and the specific segment of the chromosome is called GENE.


PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

CELL ORGANELLES
These are specialized subunits or factories in the Eukaryotic cell which performs the important functions in them.
·         Endoplasmic reticulum: - It functions has synthesis of the proteins and lipids, inside the cell.

It is of two type 1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum 2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

·         Golgi bodies: - Its function is linked with the endoplasmic reticulum. It receives the lipids and proteins from endoplasmic reticulum. Changes them according to the function(used in structure of the cell or in the chemical reaction) and area(Inside or outside the cell) where it is used.


·         Mitochondria: - It also known as ‘Power House of the cell’ because it synthesizes the energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is used in the various chemical reactions inside the cell.



·         Chloroplast: - This organelle is only present in green plants. It consists of chlorophyll which help in the Photosynthesis (synthesis of their own food in plants).

·         Ribosomes: - They are also known as protein factories of the cell because they help in synthesizing the proteins in the cell with the association or joining to mRNA.

The "S" stands for svedbergs, a unit used to measure how fast molecules move in a centrifuge.

·         Lysosome:-  They are the roughly spherical structure surrounding by membrane and contain hydrolytic(Breakdown) enzymes. Lysosome helps in destroying the unwanted things that have entered the cell and also help in destroying the old cell, malfunctioned (fail to function normally) cell(Known as Autolysis), and malfunctioned organelles.
for PDF file follow the link below

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1K0MlScmRSxl6mm2Tmf3e1q15UD8j4dBK


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

By
Image
TANONOMIC CATEGORIES Taxonomic Category is a unit of grouping of any level used in taxonomy or classification of organisms. Usually there are seven obligate and few intermediate categories used in taxonomy. Hierarchy of categories It is a system in which members of a type are organized in rank on above the other. Hierarchy of categories or taxonomic hierarchy is the system of arrangement of taxonomic categories in a descending order depending upon their relative dimensions. It was introduced by Linnaeus and is therefore also called Linnaean hierarchy or taxonomic hierarchy . Linnaeus proposed five categories- class, order, genus, species, and variety. The latter worker deleted the category of variety and added the categories of kingdom, phylum/division, and family   The taxonomic categories which are always used in hierarchical classification of organisms are called obligate categories . They are seven in number . Obligate categories in descending order are
Read more
By
Image
SCIENTIFIC NAMES They are the specific and distinguishable names given to organisms by the scientists for the removal of ambiguity and to make the name worldwide acceptable by other scientists. Scientific names are based on         i.             According to principal and criteria of science       ii.             Acceptable worldwide     iii.             Help scientists to use same name in any part of the world      iv.             Should be distinct and different for each species        v.             New and not used for earlier organisms BINOMIAL NOMECLATURE It is system of providing distinct and proper two words scientific names to organisms, the first word is generic and second word is specific. Their discoverer and first user was cato (200 B.C.), but on that time not based on the scientific principles. Binomial nomenclature for scientific naming of organism was developed by carolus Linnaeus in 1751. He published two books on this systema natur
Read more
By
Image
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Earth has 1.7 to 1.8 million known organisms. Each organism represents a distinct species. All the species differ from one another. This variability present among organisms, their members and communities is called Biodiversity. Nomenclature This means providing the proper, specific and distinguishable name to each and every organism. Common or Vernacular names They are local names which are given to organisms in particular region and language by local persons. Each region, tribe and language has its own specific names for organisms known in the area so that they can be properly identified. E.g. Region(language) Specimen English Rose Hindi Gulab Bangali Golap Tamil Rojapo Advantages ·          Common Names are brief e.g., onion or pyaz. ·          They are based on some feature of the organism, e.g. chirya (=sparrow, after chirping sound of them) ·   
Read more